New Calculators

Calculate the area, arc length, chord, and sagitta of a circular segment from the radius and central angle — area = ½r²(θ − sin θ), arc = rθ, chord = 2r·sin(θ/2), sagitta = r(1 − cos(θ/2)).

Calculate the convective cloud base (lifted condensation level) in metres and feet from the surface temperature (°C) and dew point (°C) using Espy's 125 m/°C equation.

Calculate the coefficient of restitution (e = √(bounce height ÷ drop height)) from a simple ball-bounce test, on a 0 (perfectly inelastic) to 1 (perfectly elastic) scale.

Calculate the inductance of a long single-layer air-core solenoid from its number of turns, coil radius, and coil length — L = µ₀ × N² × A / l.

Calculate the probability of flipping the same result on a streak of fair-coin flips, P(n) = (1/2)ⁿ, shown as a probability and as 1-in-X odds.

Calculate how many distinct colors a given color depth can represent (colors = 2^bits), from 8-bit to 24-bit true color and beyond.

Solve the combined gas law (P₁V₁/T₁ = P₂V₂/T₂) for the final volume of a gas from its initial pressure, volume, and temperature and the new pressure and temperature.

Calculate the modulus |z| = √(a² + b²) and the argument φ = atan2(b, a) in degrees of a complex number z = a + bi from its real and imaginary parts.

Calculate the data compression ratio (original size ÷ compressed size) and the space savings percentage from an original and a compressed file size.

Calculate the conditional probability P(A|B) = P(A∩B) ÷ P(B) — the probability of event A given that event B has occurred.

Calculate the slant height, lateral surface area, and total surface area of a conical frustum from its bottom radius, top radius, and height — slant = √((R−r)²+h²), lateral = π(R+r)l, total = lateral + πR² + πr².

Calculate the volume of a conical frustum (a cone with the top sliced off) from its bottom radius, top radius, and height.

Calculate the total and lateral surface area of a cone from its base radius and slant height — total = πr(r + l), lateral = πrl.

Calculate the margin of error and the confidence interval for a mean from the sample mean, standard deviation, sample size, and z critical value.

Calculate the downstream velocity of an incompressible fluid with the continuity equation (A₁v₁ = A₂v₂) from the upstream area, velocity, and downstream area.

Calculate the area of a triangle from the (x, y) coordinates of its three vertices using the shoelace formula — works for any vertex order.

Calculate the electrostatic force (F = kₑ·|q₁·q₂|/r²) in newtons between two point charges from their charges and separation distance.

Calculate the magnitude of the cross product |A × B| of two 3D vectors from their x, y, and z components.

Calculate how a total current splits between two parallel resistors — I1 = I × R2 / (R1 + R2), I2 = I × R1 / (R1 + R2).

Calculate the volume, cross-sectional area, and wall thickness of a hollow cylinder (pipe or tube) from its outer radius, inner radius, and height — volume = π·h·(R²−r²).

Convert a power level in dBm to milliwatts and watts instantly — useful for RF, Wi-Fi, cellular, and fibre engineers working with signal strength and transmitter power.

Calculate the de Broglie (matter) wavelength λ = h / (m·v) of a moving particle in nanometres and metres from its mass and velocity.

Calculate the radioactive decay constant (λ = ln(2) / t½) and the mean lifetime of an isotope from its half-life.

Calculate the power ratio in decibels (dB = 10 · log₁₀(P₁/P₂)) from a measured power and a reference power.

Calculate voltage gain in decibels from an output and input voltage — gain (dB) = 20·log10(Vout/Vin). +20 dB is ×10 voltage, +6 dB ≈ ×2, and negative dB is attenuation.

Combine two sound pressure levels by incoherent addition and get the total level in decibels: 10 × log10(10^(L1/10) + 10^(L2/10)).

Calculate the dew point in °C from the air temperature and relative humidity using the Magnus formula — the temperature at which air saturates and dew forms.

Calculate the straight-line (Euclidean) distance between two points (x1, y1, z1) and (x2, y2, z2) in space — distance = √((x2−x1)² + (y2−y1)² + (z2−z1)²) — plus the three axis legs.

Calculate the perpendicular distance from a point (x0, y0) to a line a·x + b·y + c = 0 in 2D using d = |a·x0 + b·y0 + c| / √(a² + b²).

Calculate the observed frequency for a moving sound source and a stationary observer — f′ = fv / (v − vₛ) when it approaches, f′ = fv / (v + vₛ) when it recedes — from the source frequency, speed of sound, source speed, and direction.

Calculate a display's dot pitch in millimetres from its pixel density (dot pitch = 25.4 / PPI) to see how finely a monitor or screen resolves detail.

Calculate the dot product (scalar product) of two 3D vectors: A·B = ax·bx + ay·by + az·bz.

Calculate the doubling time (t = ln(2) / r) of anything growing at a constant rate, plus the quick rule-of-70 estimate, from a single growth rate.

Calculate the water needed for a given flour weight and baker's hydration percentage (water = flour × hydration%/100) for bread, pizza, and sourdough.

Calculate damage per second (DPS = damage per hit × attacks per second) for any game weapon, ability, or build from its damage per hit and attack speed.

Calculate the aerodynamic drag force (F_d = ½·ρ·v²·C_d·A) in newtons from the fluid density, velocity, drag coefficient, and cross-sectional area.

Calculate effective health (EHP = health / (1 − reduction)) from a character's health pool and damage-reduction percentage to see how much armor really protects you.

Calculate the electric charge (Q = I × t) in coulombs from the current and how long it flows, plus the equivalent number of electrons.

Calculate the uniform electric field strength (E = V / d) in volts per metre between two parallel plates from the voltage and their separation.

Calculate the eccentricity and foci of an ellipse from its semi-major and semi-minor axes — c = √(a²−b²), e = c/a. e = 0 is a circle and e → 1 is highly elongated.

Calculate the perimeter (circumference) of an ellipse from its two semi-axes using Ramanujan's highly accurate approximation.

Calculate the volume of an ellipsoid from its three semi-axes — volume = (4/3)·π·a·b·c. A sphere is the special case where a = b = c.

Convert any decimal number into engineering notation — a coefficient between 1 and 1000 multiplied by a power of ten that is a multiple of three — with the matching SI prefix.

Calculate a pitcher's Earned Run Average (ERA = earned runs × 9 / innings pitched) — the earned runs allowed per nine innings.

Calculate the escape velocity (v = √(2GM / r)) of a celestial body in m/s and km/s from its mass and radius.

Calculate the average number of attempts to get a drop from a per-attempt chance — expected attempts equal one divided by the drop rate.

Calculate continuous exponential growth (A = P · e^(r·t)) — the final amount and the total change over time from an initial amount, growth rate, and number of periods.

Calculate the photographic exposure value (EV = log₂(N²/t)) from an aperture f-number and a shutter speed in seconds.

Calculate the f-number (f-stop) of a lens from its focal length and aperture diameter using N = focal length ÷ aperture diameter.

Calculate how many posts and fence sections a straight fence run needs from its total length and the spacing between posts.